Information is power, so the saying goes. Online, and specifically in niche communities, proffering information earns you clout. Look no further than last week’s Pentagon document leak: Clout-chasing and a culture of one-upmanship appear to have motivated Massachusetts National Guard Jack Teixeira to share top secret information about the US government’s approach to the Russian invasion of Ukraine with his buddies in a private Discord group. Named Thug Shaker Central after a meme, the group focused on gaming and fanboying over YouTube creator Oxide. Dropping top secret government intel in this kind of community is a real flex.

According to the forensic internet sleuths at Bellingcat, someone on this private server shared the documents in another open Discord group devoted to a different YouTuber, WowMao, then in a popular Minecraft server, and from there to the open internet. At that point, Texeira’s flex had become a national embarrassment and grounds for charges of violating the US Espionage Act. The FBI took Texeira into custody on April 13. These days, the path from clout-chasing to treason can be very short.

Groups that incentivize users to reveal exciting intel tend to share several traits. Many users are motivated by the allure of illicit information and a culture of competition. Lines are also blurred between gaming culture and news and between real leaks and fake ones.

Take, for example, another piece of Ukraine war-related information that originated on a gaming Discord server and made global headlines but turned out to be a total fabrication: the Ghost of Kyiv. (To our knowledge, the fact that this myth began on Discord has never before been reported, though there were plenty of accounts debunking the character’s existence.) Much like Thug Shaker Central, the Discord server where the Ghost of Kyiv myth originated was a fan community for a niche YouTuber called TheScottishKoala, best known for his War Thunder gaming videos and Twitch livestreams. And just as members of Texeira’s server used the platform to discuss a range of subjects, such as firearms and Christianity, members of TheScottishKoala’s server created channels dedicated to cars, music, and topics that included war.

Logs of the conversation in which the Ghost of Kyiv was first conjured out of thin air bear a striking resemblance to the conversations reported to have taken place on the Thug Shaker Central Discord server.

In anonymous topic-based chat spaces like the Thug Shaker Central Discord or the Ghost of Kyiv group, the top dog is whoever has access to the most illicit information pertaining to the topic of the day. This group dynamic is reflected in the beginnings of the powerful QAnon conspiracy movement, which started on a chatboard when a pseudonymous poster claimed to have top secret government information. The fact that none of that information ever proved to be true didn’t stop the movement from ensnaring thousands and stoking an insurrection. The character known as Q amassed power by divulging supposed government secrets to a dedicated niche community whose members then disseminated that content to the rest of us. The dynamics governing that group had an unmistakable impact on the rest of the world.

In Texiera’s case, the top secret information he shared in a private chat group is, by all reports, real. After he first uploaded the documents to the Thug Shaker Central server, people quickly began sharing them more widely. But it’s unclear whether these users knew, or cared, if the leaked documents were real. This illustrates troubling realities around knowledge creation and the internet’s blurry relationship to fact and fiction.

The Ghost of Kyiv is evidence of these same patterns. The mythic fighter jet figure was reported by mainstream press and the Ukrainian Army itself as having shot down a record number of Russian fighter jets at the start of the Russian invasion of mainland Ukraine last year. As part of our research for the Media Manipulation Casebook, in which we detail the life cycle of viral media manipulation campaigns, we unearthed logs of the original conversation in which this character was invented.